March 2009

Marble and stone

Magic material world
transparent, colored rings. Thus substances change form: metal becomes liquid and light concrete. For new applications, from design to medicine.
Donato Ramani

Angelina has the light of a gem, iridescent as diamond, soft as the dew. It is a polyester fiber from the beautiful optical properties, used for fashion and design. Liquidmetal is the color of platinum is malleable as plastic but exceptionally hard and durable, lightweight, elastic, biocompatible, with a thousand uses: aerospace industry, in biomedicine, in jewelry. Potato plate, however, looks and a less noble. The rest comes from the residues of processing potato skins, fragments and waste water. But do not make it any less interesting. It is an innovative packaging materials: 100% biodegradable. Very hard or soft, luminous and clear, thin, green, electronic.

Welcome to the fascinating world of new materials. For the design, fashion, architecture, industry. But even for the space, the human body and energy. A world in which, according to many, is undergoing a revolution. Materials amazing brand new aesthetics, highly performing, eco-friendly and recyclable products, especially real already. While those already known, have become obsolete or less than noble, now reborn with new forms and uses unknown. Have you ever thought of being able to lift a concrete block with one hand? Lege Beton, produced by the French La Compagnie Des Arts, cement is lightweight, colorful, water resistant, shock proof, to be used for furniture and interior design. But big changes are yet to come, and the results could be unpredictable. Protagonists announced, nanotechnology, which in recent years promise to pass a ten-year prophecy: "Over there there's a lot of space," the physicist Richard Feynman suggested in the fifties. Now, researchers put his hands in those depths, where there often occur, to manipulate the molecules as if they were Legos. And, as someone said, "to be playing God." Well, almost. Password? Creativity In truth, if you mess up even the smallest components of what nature has provided will be the objective in the coming years, the process of change has already begun. The board turned to interior decorators, designers, architects, designers and industry, is very suggestive: be unconventional, follow your instincts, feel free. Elodie Ternaux is an engineer and a designer, and then to craft deals with materials. Collects and stores them, enhances them, they present within Meter, archive, exhibition and information center just minutes from the Eiffel Tower in Paris. With Quentin Hirsinger Material World II has published a book-collection of 150 innovative materials, emblematic of the ongoing transformation. "Our slogan is an invitation to all those working in the field of creativity. We try to provide materials that people have never seen, and maybe not think they go there. Why, for example, wood is not the only option for existing furniture, such as metal and glass are not the only possibility for architecture. The important thing, however, is breaking down barriers that prevent the migration of materials from an industrial to a other ". To publicize their products even outside the more traditional contexts is the way to go.

happy Examples are numerous: Nanogel, 97% load and 3% silicone, colored, translucent, born 's aerospace industry, is now being used in homes for its outstanding insulating properties, and, in architecture, lighting effects that gives a soft and enveloping. SpiraWave, iron-carbon alloys or copper-beryllium springs for industrial, have been transformed into Jewelry by Arik Levy. And fabrics made of metal designed for filtering processes may be used together with optical fibers, indoor and outdoor architecture. Up to titanium. An architectural element for Frank Gehry and his Guggenheim Bilbao, is found today in golf clubs, bicycles, watches, jewelry, luxury cars. Nanosurface, a company in Bologna, he studied applications in orthodontics and orthopedics, as well nell'oggettistica, giving the colors of the rainbow with electrochemical processes. And yet environmentally friendly buildings, properly treated with titanium plates, placed on walls and facades, that the effect of UV rays degrade the toxins from cigarette smoke to car exhaust. Recipes environment on the other side, the old ceramic tableware and kitchenware is the most varied applications. Some, like the Grado Zero Espace, with liquid ceramic, has even constructed jackets. "Outshone by the plastic, this material is now new uses, ranging from surgery to the tiles that protect the Space Shuttle return to the atmosphere," says James Bertolazzi, coordinator of the European Institute of Design. "The hunt for new materials is important, but one of the biggest challenges we have is to look for unusual uses what already exists. The world is changing quickly, in a short time will have to deal with the shortage of oil. The plastic of the dashboard cars could become a real luxury. The same structure but built pottery, as designed by our students, able to ennoble the interior of the passenger, could be an alternative. " Use environmentally sustainable materials is imperative to building the new wood and aluminum, recycled endlessly, at all. But the scraps were raised to new dignity. The recipe followed by Wood for Innovation Slp resembles that of bread mixed with sawdust, wood chips, enough for a yeast bell'impasto that pushed up and dry, it becomes a hard foam, lightweight, airy, shaped in the form of panel that can be sawn, drilled and screwed to build infrastructure and mobile. From here Ingeo corn stalks, soft and stain resistant fabric that combines the properties of natural fibers and synthetics.

And PanLin, where remnants of the linen industry are to build fire resistant doors and furniture, Clean Green Packing, starch-based flakes are very similar to polystyrene, Vulcarix, recycled glass melted aluminum nitrate, efficient and non-toxic alternative to cement and asbestos. For aesthetes, here's another recipe: carrots, cucumbers, beets and leeks, sliced \u200b\u200bvery thin sheet and dried plants that spread in the semi-transparent environments magical light effects: Vegetable paper is produced by Sandrine Paumelle in Paris. Yes, because if we talk of revolution, we can not forget an intangible but omnipresent in the world of design and architecture, and not only that: the light. Playing with materials, caresses them, transforms them, ennobles them. Grids holographic to refract the rays of the sun and in environments immerse ecstatic rainbow patterns, unpublished mixtures of plastic and glass for a light soft, colorful, rhythmic button. Essential component in architectural buildings that change color depending on the degree of radiation, making it glow at dusk of the evening. Light as a stimulus for a plastic "smart" development at MIT in Boston, which changes shape when struck by a particular wavelength, to return to its original shape once the dark. O to produce energy through futuristic "spreads photovoltaic cells", for use in situations of need integration into clothes, curtains, sheets rolled up, fully transportable. Until the Led, Light Emitting Diode, which promise to radically change the concept of lighting, with outstanding performance for power consumption and durability. Light pulses lasting a millionth of a billionth of a second, to study the infinitely small. Nanotech dream picture frame 10 000 times thinner than a human hair, cylindrical, composed of carbon atoms covered by a mantle of electrons. They are the nanotubes, basic units of new materials with mechanical, electrical and optical revolution. "These rapid pulses have been used as a hammer to analyze the optical behavior of nanotubes subjected to specific stresses," says Guglielmo Lanzani Polytechnic Milan, who led the research with the University of Padua and Los Alamos, New Mexico, "We got a movie made up of frames in rapid succession showing the cylinders vibrate and move like tiny springs to high frequencies. It is in complex experiments such as this, within the research labs, that nanotechnology poses its bases with implications for future applications surprising exceptionally resilient nanotube artificial muscles to carry drugs such as slipping on needles in the cells of our body, such as transistor or microscope tips, or to build high-strength cables like the one required for the space elevator, tens of thousands of miles long and a freight elevator that would result from the Earth satellites, structures and objects in orbit. That's it? Not really. Nanotechnology promises to transform inanimate objects and have them interact with humans: "Walls that speak to us, objects that anticipate our desires: the world of materials meekly submit to our will." Is the nanotech dream. Will this really the field of science and technology to ride the wave of change? "Maybe so, but we must not forget that at the end of nanotech is" only "technology used at the nanoscale, involving many other fields such as chemistry, physics and biology, which may reserve many surprises. In short, science is in its entirety to lead this revolution, " Elodie Ternaux concludes. So here is aircraft and ships, such as bird wings, change shape and structure to changing air currents, films composed of virus unpublished lithium batteries, copied from the surfaces of the Namibian desert beetle, to be used for microdiagnostica. Up to metamaterials: artificial materials with physical characteristics not found in nature, with which scientists think they build transparent shields that make objects invisible in them. Materials to get rid of other materials, then: this is the ultimate frontier?

Commonly, with the names "marble and stone," are actually listed four types of ornamental rocks:

1. Marble

The marble is a metamorphic rock composed mostly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is used since antiquity as a material for sculpture and architecture. In this sense the term is used to indicate other stones "transparencies", ie surfaces which can be made shiny by polishing.
Marble is a metamorphic process through sedimentary rocks such as limestone or dolomite, which causes a complete recrystallization of carbonate calcium which are predominantly composed and gives rise to a mosaic of crystals of calcite or dolomite (mineral). L 'combined action of temperature and pressure during processing of the sedimentary rock of marble, leading to progressive obliteration of the original structures and textures in the rock, resulting in the destruction of any fossils, sedimentary layering, or other structure in the original rock.
The color of marble depends on the presence of mineral impurities (clay, silt, sand, iron oxides and chert nodules), present in granules or layers within the original sedimentary rock. During the metamorphic process these impurities are shifted and recrystallised due to the pressure and heat. The white marbles are a result of the metamorphosis of limestone free from impurities.

2. Granite

Granite is an intrusive igneous rock, was then formed as a result of the slow cooling of a magma intruded at depths between 1.5 and 50 km. The process of formation of granite is however still under debate and has generated several hypotheses and classifications of the granite.
Some Egyptian pyramids are built partly of granite: the red pyramid (2600 BC) is named for the red color of the granite surface. The pyramid of Menkaure is instead built from blocks of granite and limestone. The Great Pyramid of Giza has a stately granite sarcophagus. Many Hindu temples in southern India are made of granite, especially those built during the 11th century under the leadership of King Rajaraja Chola I.
Granite is widely used in modern buildings, especially in the floor. Granite is also appreciated in the construction of monuments to its excellent resistance to acids. The clean and polished granite is also used in cooking many cuisines plans for its durability and aesthetics.

3. The Travertine

Travertine is a sedimentary rock limestone chemical, widely used in construction, especially in Rome, since the first millennium BC. The difference between the deposit and the spongy calcareous travertine bench is essentially given by the geological formation of the soil: the limestone deposits is one of the most frequently found in nature, being produced by the precipitation of calcium carbonate dissolved in water.
The color of travertine is dependent on the oxides, which has built-in (which happens quite easily, being by nature a fairly porous stone). The natural color varies from white to walnut milk, through various shades from yellow to red. And frequent meetings fossil footprints of animals and plants. The industrial quality bench
sediment depends crucially on the compactness. In general, however, travertine stone is a strong and docile, floor coverings used by both external and internal, and even, in some cases, to sculpture.
The aesthetic quality is now defined by the architects, having very refined over the past fifty years, the methods of industrial manufacturing, and multiplied the possible treatments.

4. La Pietra

It is still rock, but not polish. You can have both soft rock, rock is compact.
In these materials you can find a color background, and a design that is the predominant one, arising from the structure of matter itself and the presence of mineral inclusions and colorful.
You can see so many types of design:
1. veined (veins when there is more or less thick, color and trend variables);
2. granular (is found in granite and is caused by crystals of different sizes, which are assembled);
3. Ghiandoni (this is typical of granite, and consists of more or less large inclusions in the form of an acorn);
4. breccia (it is typical of many marble, and is the union of fragments of rock cemented together).

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